This article reviews some of the more interesting opportunities and relates them to printing techniques and materials requirements.
By Alan Rae
![image001[1].jpg](http://www.industrial-printing.net/sites/screenweb.com/files/imagecache/Full_gallery/editorial/image001%5B1%5D.jpg "Figure 2: The 256Jet-S printhead (courtesy of Trident)")
As the photovoltaics (PV) market grows rapidly, at a rate of nearly 20 GW installed in 2011, there is an increasing focus on roll-to-roll and other printing methods as a way to reduce costs and improve performance.
The solar PV industry is at a challenging point in its life cycle. World solar-module capacity at more than 50 GW is more than twice the current annual installation rate.
According to Lux Research (www.luxresearchinc.com), crystalline-silicon-module prices have dropped precipitously to about $1 per peak watt, and only about 25 cents of this is the actual solar cell. The dramatic drop in module costs means that crystalline-silicon cells are starting to challenge the thin-film market, which still has a cost advantage—but not as large as it was a year ago.
Furthermore, it is not easy to install solar panels yet in many parts of the U.S.—apart from the administrative effort and multiple inspections needed, which can be different in each state, there is a real cost to consider. The average cost of installing a system in the U.S. is about $5.25 per peak watt and the paperwork cost, reportedly averaging about $1 per watt, is about equal to the cost of the module. The economic downturn is hitting subsidies worldwide. We are seeing a shakeout of higher cost companies like Solyndra, and there is a great deal of uncertainty as countries like the UK and Spain dramatically change feed-in tariffs, causing dramatic swings in demand.
The counterpoint is that there is a lot of positive energy. The low prices mean that energy generation by solar PV is becoming much more competitive with other energy sources that are not reducing in cost. The Department of Energy’s SunShot program looks to provide funds to enable lower installed costs through reductions in module cost, concentrating on thin film where the materials content is lower and reducing the balance of system costs by using microinverters and other techniques to lower balance of system costs. Other programs, such as Solar America Cities, have established ways of simplifying the paperwork.
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